Study Of Sex Determination By Presence Of Sex Chromatin In Oral Mucosal Cells

Introduction: In oral smear, a small condensed mass of sex chromatin usually located just inside the nuclearmembrane of the nucleus is called Barr body. The study of Barr bodies is advantageous for sex determination bypresence or absent. Oral mucosal smear of 150 students (79 female students and 71 male students in the agegroup of 17 to 32 years) from P.D.U. Govt. medical college, Rajkot were selected with aim to study oral mucosalcells for presence of sex chromatin in oral mucosal smear and to measure efficacy of oral smear in determinationof sex by presence of sex chromatin during 2012 to 2014.Method: Oral smear was prepared for sex determination by scrapping buccal mucosa with wooden spatula andobtained turbid suspension, these were smeared on a glass slide, fixed by mixture of Methanol and Glacialacetic acid in the ratio of 3:1 for 10 min and stained by Carbol Fuschin for 15-20 min at room temperature, aftertaking informed written consent from students. Smears were examined with Compound light uniocular microscopeunder 100x magnification (Oil immersion), cells and nuclei were easily identified.Observations and Results: One hundred cells were counted in each slide. Mean value of Barr body positive cellsin male was 0.647 and Mean value of Barr body positive cells in female was 35.215 and range of percentage ofBarr body positive cells in male was 0-5% and range of percentage of Barr body positive cells in female was 0-55%. Presence of sex chromatin in oral mucosal cell of female was statistically significant. (P value < 0.05).Conclusion: Mean value of Barr body positive cells in male was 0.647 ± 1.148, Mean value of Barr body positivecells in female was 35.215 ± 10.28, range of percentage of Barr body positive cells in female was 0-55% and rangeof percentage of Barr body positive cells in male was 0-5%. Presence of sex chromatin in oral mucosal cell offemale was statistically significant. (P value<0.05) Mean values of sex chromatin positive oral mucosal cells ofmale was lower than mean value of sex chromatin positive oral mucosal cells in female, that is the supportingfact that sex chromatin is present in female in higher frequency. Sex chromatin can be used as simple and easilyavailable method for sex determination.

Determination of sex from the anterior border of the human hip bone.

Background: The distinctive biometry of the anterior border of the human skeleton and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interests from anatomical, forensic, obstetrical, radiological, archaeological and anthropological point of view for examination of skeleton remains. Aims & Objective: To determine the sex of human being from the anterior border of the hip bone. Material and Methods: For the present study total 306 normal dry human hip bones, out of which 202 are of male and 104 are of female, 141 are of Right side, 165 of Left side were studied. Osteometric board with graph paper and Sliding Vernier Calliper are used for all measurement. Results: Statistically highly significant(P ≤ 0.001) differences were detected between means in relation to sex for 6 variables ( The maximal width of the anterior border notch, The distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle , The distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the iliopubic eminence , The distance from the anterior inferior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle , The length of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence, The depth of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence), Statistically very significant differences(p≤0.005) were detected between means in relation to sex for 2 variables( Index of widening of the anterior interspinous notch, The depth of the anterior interspinous notch), Statistically significant differences(P≤.01) were detected between means in relation to sex for 1 variable (Index of widening of the notch between the anterior inferior iliac spine and the iliopubic eminence). These variables could be used for sex determination from the human hip bone or its fragments. Conclusion: Therefore we consider that these 6 variables are the best of the variables studied for sexing human hip bone (P < 0.001).

The study of total facial index in living subjects in Gujarat region.

Background and objectives: The total facial index exhibits sexual differences and different shapes of face. This information will be highly important for Plastic surgeons, Forensic Scientists, Anatomists, Human Biologists, Criminologists & Physical Anthropologists.Method: The present study was performed on 510 living subjects of Gujarat (243 male and 267 female) of 18 to 30 years in the year of 2011 with the objective to study the sex differences in total facial index. Total facial index was investigated with the help of face height and width with the use of sliding caliper.Result: The study showed that mean face height and width were higher in males than in females, and mean total facial index was also higher in males than in females. Interpretation and conclusion: Predominant face type in males was mesoproscopic while in females was euriproscopic and there was statistically highly significant gender difference.

The study of cephalic index in living subjects in Gujarat Region.

Background and objectives: The cephalic index exhibits sexual differences and different shapes of head. This information will be highly important for Plastic surgeons, Forensic Scientists, Anatomists, Human Biologists, Criminologists & Physical Anthropologists.Method: The present study was performed on 510 living subjects of Gujarat (243 male and 267 female) of 18 to 30 years in the year of 2011 with the objective to study the sex differences in cephalic index. Cephalic index was investigated with the help of head length and width with the use of spreading caliper.Result: The study showed that mean head length and width were higher in males than in females , while mean cephalic index was higher in females than in males. Interpretation and Conclusion: Predominant head type was mesocephalic in both sexes and there was no significant gender difference (p value > o.o1).

Anthropological study of the foot and it’s relationship between different parameters and stature in an adult population of different areas of Gujarat.

Background And Objectives: The study has been done to find out correlation between different parameters of foot. The aim and objective are to develop a model to reconstruct a stature from foot breadth. The study is carried out in 285 asymptomatic healthy adults 149 Males and 136 Females between 18-23 years of age, belongs to different region of Gujarat. Materials And Methods: Foot breadth and foot length were measured with sliding calliper and stature was measured by a standard anthropometer rod in erect anatomical position. Observation And Results: Obtained data was statistically analysed, and a significant correlation of stature was observed with foot breadth and foot length with foot breadth on both Rt. And Lt. side in males and females. Linear regression equations were derived to calculate foot length and stature from foot breadth. Interpretation And Conclusion: A highly significant correlation coefficient (p-value 0.0000) has been found between different parameters of foot on both Rt. and Lt.side in males and females. So stature can be more accurately calculated by foot breadth than long bones. The findings are useful to anatomists, criminologists, human biologist and forensic medicine experts.

A study of palmar dermatoglyphics of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Bhavnagar District.

Dermatoglyphics, the ridged skin covering our palms and sole, are not only found on human beings. All primates have ridged skin, and it can also be found on the paws of certain mammals and on the tails of some monkey species. Palmar creases develop during the 2nd and 3rd month of intrauterine life and are not influenced by movement of hand in utero. They are of considerable clinical interest because they are affected by certain abnormalities of early development including genetic disorders. In the present study 100 patients of pulmonary tuberculosis (sputum smear positive) were collected from the department of TB & Chest diseases, Government Medical College, Bhavnagar (Gujarat) and from DOT centers of Bhavnagar. Out of 100 cases, (77 males and 23 females) are of pulmonary tuberculosis (sputum smear positive). There was no statistically significant difference observed in finger print pattern in between male & female and total cases and control in this study.

A study of palmar dermatoglyphics in leprosy in Bhavnagar District.

Dermatoglyphics, the ridged skin covering our palms and sole, are not only found on human beings. All primates have ridged skin, and it can also be found on the paws of certain mammals and on the tails of some monkey species. The drag against the ridges when feeling the texture of a surface heightens the intensity of stimulation of the nerve endings. The sample consists of 100 cases of leprosy in the age group of 18 to 60 years. Fingerprints and palm prints were taken, using the Ink and Pad method, described by Harold Cummins and Midlo. The dermatoglyphics of 100 leprosy cases are studied in the age group of 18 to 60 year. All cases are selected from Bhavnagar district & Taluka places of Bhavnagar District. Out of 100 cases 70 Case of Multibacillary type, (40 Male & 30 Female) and 30 case of Paucibacillary type (16 Male & 14 Female) are compared with the control of different age group 18 to 60 years, (74 Male & 26 Female). there was no statistically significant difference observed in finger print pattern and in between male & female in present study in MB, PB and control.

Measurement of ulnar length for estimation of stature in Gujarat.

In this study, an attempt has been made out to formulate a linear regression equation for estimation of stature from the ulnar length. The material consists of 310 subjects between 20-40 years of age in Gujarat. The Ulnar (Rt. & Lt.) length was measured by spreading caliper. The Stature ( Height ) was measured in standing erect, anatomical position with standard height measuring instrument. Data tabulated and statistically analyzed using Microsoft excel. A good correlation of stature was observed with Ulnar length and it was statistically highly significant. The results of present study would be useful for Anthropologist and Forensic Medicine experts.

Multicentric morphometric study of dry human sacrum of Indian population in Gujarat Region.

Sacrum is a large triangular bone. It is formed by fusion of five sacral vertebrae and forms the caudal region of the vertebral column. It forms posterosuperior wall of the pelvic cavity wedged between the two hip bones. The present study is undertaken to test the validity of the parameters by which it may be possible to know detail morphometry of sacrum and sacral hiatus. The material for the present study consists of 150 adult sacrum of unknown sex. The measuring was done on intact parts of normal bones. Bones showing wear and tear, fracture or any pathology were not considered. Each linear recording was taken to the nearest millimeter. shape and length of the sacral hiatus, level of apex and anteroposterior depth at apex, level of base and transverse width at base were measured with the help of vernier calipers, recorded, tabulated and analyzed. Significant findings in the present study are high, 83 (55.33%) bones showed narrowed sacral canal at the apex (0-3mm), where as previous studies reported 15.6%. This should be kept in mind while applying caudal epidural anaesthesia in Gujarati population.

Morphometric study of greater sciatic notch of dry human hip bone in Gujarat region.

The distinctive morphology of human skeleton and its clear sexual dimorphism make it of interests from anatomical, forensic, obstetrical, radiological and anthropological point of view. 100 known sex normal dry human hip bones obtained from Medical College Bhavnagar, 168 known sex normal dry human hip bones from BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad and Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad were studied the year of 2005-06. The posterior segment of Greater Sciatic Notch, Genoves’ sciatic notch index and posterior angle are found to be significant by t test (P < 0.001). The posterior angle of greater sciatic notch was found to be highly significant for determination of sex of hip bone.

Study of mandibular canine teeth dimorphism in establishing sex identity in Gujarat region.

Mandibular canines exhibit the greatest sexual dimorphism amongst all teeth. The present study was performed on 368 healthy MBBS students of Medical College, Bhavnagar (216 males, 152 females) of 18 – 24 years with the aim to investigate whether any correlation existed between odontometric measures including mandibular canine index, and sex determination in the year of 2006. Mean value of intercanine distance was higher in males than females and the difference was statistically highly significant (p value<0.01). Comparison of mean values of left and right mandibular canine widths exhibited lesser values in females. The variation in right and left mandibular canine width between males and females was highly significant (p value<0.01). The right and left mandibular canine index (MCI) among genders showed significant difference. Our study conclusively establishes the existence of a definite statistically significant sexual dimorphism in mandibular canines and MCI.

Morphometric study of pterion in dry skull of Gujarat Region.

The pterion is a commonly used landmark on neurocranium; classified in four types: sphenoparietal, frontotemporal, stellate and epipteric. In this study we have found out morphology and location of pterion of skull of Gujarat region and comparison of their morphology with other populations. 42 skulls of unknown gender were examined on both sides from Department of Anatomy, Medical College Bhavnagar. Measurements of the location of the pterion were made by using stainless steel callipers. Sphenoparietal was the most common form comprising 91.7%. Measurements between from center of pterion to posterior end of frontozygomatic suture, vertical distance to upper margin of zygomatic arch, horizontal distance to lateral margin of optic canal and horizontal distance to outer end of the sphenoid ridge on the lesser wing of the sphenoid were taken. Anatomical variations of the pterion, which are of interest to anthropologists, forensic pathologists and surgeons, deserve further investigation in other populations from different areas.

Study of femoral neck anteversion of adult dry femora in Gujarat region.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the average angle of femoral neck anteversion in an Indian population. Unpaired 92 dry femurs, 50 of female (27 right and 23 left) and 42 of male (22 right and 20 left) devoid of any gross pathology were used to measure the femoral neck angle (FNA) from Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Bhavnagar in year 2005. They were evaluated by the Kingsley Olmsted method, and the data were statistically analyzed. In female femoral neck anteversion range form –8.3° to +30.4º with a mean of 16.4º on left and 10.5º on right sides. In male femoral neck anteversion range from –13.7° to +25.6º with a mean of 14.3º on right and 7.2º on left sides. The female femora showed about 2.7° more anteversion than the male femora. The average left-sided femora showed about 6.4° more anteversion than the right-sided femora.

A study of congenital anomalies in newborn.

Total 4210 babies were studied in the neonatal period immediately after birth, which shows overall 0.88%. incidence of congenital malformations. Incidence was significantly higher (6.1%) in mothers aged > 30 years as compared to younger age group. Religious pattern of mother and consanguinity of marriage had no much effect on the incidence. The incidence was marginally higher in primiparous patients (47.2%). Only in 12% of cases some etiological factors could be found, of which maternal fever in first trimester was the most common. 10 cases with CNS malformations had hydroamnious. The anomaly was detected antenatally in 49%cases with the help of USG. The ration of still birth to live birth was 4.19:1 suggesting that many of the anomalies are incompatible with life. There was no overall difference in the sex of the babies. However most of anencephalic babies were female. Preterm babies had four times more incidence of congenital malformations as compared to term babies. This represents ―phenomenon of nature’s selection‖. Associated hydroamnios also accounts for preterm labour similarly congenital malformations were more commonly found in low birth weight baby. Out of all system involved in congenital mal formation, CNS was the commonest and accounted for 1/3 rd of the cases.

Protective effect of coenzyme Q10 in simvastatin and gemfibrozil induced rhabdomyolysis in rats.

Administration of simvastatin (80 mg/kg, po. evening dose) and gemfibrozil (600 mg/kg, po twice) for 30 days produced significant decrease in the level of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and increase in the level of lipid peroxidation and various serum parameters (creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen). This suggested involvement of oxidative stress in rhabdomyolysis. Increase in the level of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase and decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation and serum parameters after administration of antioxidant CoQ10 (10 mg/kg.ip) proved the protective effect of CoQ10 in rhabdomyolysis.

Effect of cadmium on contractile response to spasmogens in vascular and nonvascular tissues.

In rat isolated aorta low concentration of CdCl2 (4.8 x 10(-8) M) produced a significant increase in pD2 value of KCl and noradrenaline (NA) with an increase in the maxima, while higher concentration of CdCl2 (1.44 x 10(-5) M) produced a significant rightward shift of the dose-response curve with a depression of maxima. In rat isolated portal vein 4.8 x 10(-7) M CdCl2 produced a significant increase in the pD2 value of KCl with an increase in the maxima, while higher concentration of CdCl2 (4.8 x 10(-5) M) produced a significant rightward shift of the dose-response curve of KCl and NA with a depression of maxima. In rat isolated vas deferens and anococcygeus muscle 4.8 x 10(-8) M CdCl2 produced a significant increase in pD2 value of KCl with an increase in the maxima, while higher concentrations of CdCl2 (4.8 x 10(-6) M and 1.44 x 10(-5) M) produced a significant rightward shift of the dose-response curve of KCl and NA. It is suggested that enhancement and reduction of response to KCl and NA, in presence of different concentrations of CdCl2 might be due to the alteration in the fluxes of calcium ion since these spasmogens produce their action by increasing the availability of calcium ions for the contractile machinery.